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May 2413 min read

11.1: Understanding the Factors Influencing Dog Behaviour

Updated: Nov 10

Although we are nutrition and natural health focussed, we of course often see questions from the public across our social media and group about whether or not raw feeding can improve, or worsen, a dog's behaviour.

Although we are not behaviourists, we in fact strongly recommend anyone with behavioural concerns in their dogs seeks professional support from fully qualified behaviourists such as those found here Find an APBC Member - APBC or INTODogs, we do have a great insight into this area as one of the owners of RFFDMSUK, Vic, is currently studying canine behaviour. We are not though qualified behaviourists, so just like we don’t give medical advice, we can’t give behaviour advice, we can though explain about nutrition's role in behaviour in dogs.


Genetics

Dogs behaviour is actually a result of various factors, from right back before conception even! Genetics plays a key role, dogs born to parents that show unwanted behaviours, for example, aggression, have a higher tendency to show such behaviours. This of course does not guarantee a dog bred from such parents will show these unwanted behaviours, but they are more likely to do so. 


Genetics play a fundamental role in determining a dog’s baseline temperament and predispositions, as specific traits can be passed down from parent to offspring. Over generations, different breeds have been selectively bred for particular characteristics that manifest in their behaviour. For example:

  • Herding Breeds (like Border Collies): These dogs often exhibit high energy levels and a strong herding instinct.

  • Retrieving Breeds (like Labrador Retrievers): They tend to be outgoing and eager to retrieve objects.

In addition to breed-specific traits, genetics can affect a dog’s behaviour in several other ways:

  • Temperament: Genetic predispositions can influence a dog's overall temperament, such as being more predisposed to anxiety, aggression, or calmness. Cortisol, the stress hormone, can cross the placenta, influencing the developing brain of puppies.

  • Trainability: Some breeds have a genetic predisposition towards higher intelligence and eagerness to learn, making them more responsive to training.

  • Sensitivity to Stimuli: Genetic factors can determine how a dog reacts to various stimuli, such as noise sensitivity or tolerance to new environments.

  • Social Behaviours: Inherited traits can affect how sociable a dog is with other animals and humans. Some dogs may be more naturally inclined to be social and friendly, while others may be more independent or wary.

  • Health-Related Behaviours: Certain genetic health conditions can influence behaviour. For example, dogs predisposed to hip dysplasia may be less active due to pain, affecting their overall demeanour and activity levels.


The environment in which the mother dog is raised can significantly influence her offspring's behaviour, both directly and indirectly. Here's how:

Prenatal Environment

  • Stress Levels: The stress levels of a pregnant mother can affect the developing puppies. High stress during pregnancy can lead to increased cortisol levels, which may affect the puppies' stress responses and behaviour after birth.

  • Nutrition: The mother's diet during pregnancy is crucial. Poor nutrition can affect the development of the puppies, potentially leading to behavioural issues due to underdevelopment or nutrient deficiencies. See our blog on pregnancy, lactating & weaning

  • Exposure to Toxins: If the mother is exposed to harmful substances or environments, it can negatively impact the puppies’ development, leading to behavioural problems.

Postnatal Environment - Direct

  • Early Socialisation and Handling: Puppies exposed to a rich and positive environment from birth tend to be better socialised. The mother’s behaviour and her interactions with humans and other animals provide a model for the puppies.

  • Maternal Care: The quality of care provided by the mother, including her nurturing behaviours and protective instincts, can shape the puppies’ future behaviour. Puppies raised by a calm and attentive mother are more likely to develop into well-adjusted adults.

  • Stress and Stability: A stable and stress-free environment for the mother can contribute to a calm and secure atmosphere for the puppies, promoting healthy behavioural development.

Indirect Influences

  • Inherited Stress Responses: Puppies can inherit their mother’s stress responses. A mother who has been raised in a stressful environment may pass on heightened stress reactivity to her offspring.

  • Behavioural Modelling: Puppies learn behaviours by observing their mother. If she exhibits anxiety, aggression, or other behaviours due to her environment, the puppies may adopt these behaviours.

  • Environmental Enrichment: A stimulating environment with plenty of physical and mental activities for the mother can lead to more confident and curious puppies, as the mother is likely to model exploratory and engaging behaviours.


While genetics set the foundation for a dog’s behaviour, the environment in which the mother dog is raised plays a crucial role in shaping her offspring’s behavioural development. Providing a nurturing, stable, and enriched environment for the mother can help ensure that the puppies grow up to be well-adjusted and behaviourally healthy dogs. 


On top of genetics though, we also have to consider many other factors when looking at why a dog may be demonstrating unwanted behaviours.


Early Socialisation of pups

Early socialisation, done in a controlled & structured way, is crucial in shaping a dog’s behaviour. Puppies exposed to a variety of people, environments, and other animals during their formative weeks (3-14 weeks) are more likely to grow into well-rounded adults. Lack of socialisation can lead to fearfulness and aggression or anxiety.


Training

Training provides dogs with a clear understanding of acceptable behaviour. Positive reinforcement techniques, such as rewarding good behaviour with treats or praise, are particularly effective. Consistent training helps establish boundaries and fosters trust between the dog and owner. In contrast, inconsistent or harsh training methods can lead to anxiety and behavioural issues and can cause fear responses rather than positive outcomes.


Puppy & Adult Nutrition

Nutrition significantly affects a dog's behaviour. Nutrient deficiencies or poor-quality food can lead to hyperactivity, lethargy, or even aggression. Essential nutrients like proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals are vital for maintaining brain function and overall health. 


  • Protein: When it comes to behaviour we often see concerns raised by trainers who believe raw dog food to be high protein, however this is actually not the case. In fact, all DEFRA licensed dog food goes through the same testing to prove the levels of protein, this is clearly labelled on packaging, most pre made raw pet food is around the 16-19% area. FEDIAF (The European Nutritional Guidelines) recommend 18-21% for an adult dog, so this is pretty perfect. The quality of protein in a dog's diet is crucial though for their overall health, affecting everything from muscle development to immune function. High-quality protein sources provide essential amino acids, which are the building blocks for various bodily functions. Not all proteins are created equal, and several factors influence the quality of protein for dogs.

  • Amino Acid Profile: The completeness of the amino acid profile is a primary determinant of protein quality. Dogs require ten essential amino acids that must be supplied through their diet. High-quality proteins, such as those from animal sources like chicken, beef, and fish, contain these essential amino acids in the right proportions. Conversely, some plant-based proteins may lack one or more of these critical amino acids, making them less optimal unless combined properly.

  • Digestibility & Bioavailability: How well a dog can digest and absorb the protein also impacts its quality. Proteins that are highly digestible allow dogs to utilise more of the amino acids they consume. Animal proteins generally have higher digestibility compared to plant proteins. Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which the active amino acids are absorbed and utilised by the body. High-quality proteins have high bioavailability, meaning dogs can effectively use the nutrients provided. Factors like processing, cooking methods, and the presence of other nutrients can affect bioavailability, so minimally processed and raw is the best way to feed protein to dogs.

  • Source and Processing: The source of the protein and how it's processed can significantly influence its quality. Fresh, minimally processed proteins typically retain more of their nutritional value. Conversely, highly processed proteins or those subjected to high heat can lose essential amino acids or become less digestible.

  • Contaminants and Additives: The presence of contaminants or harmful additives can degrade protein quality. For example, meat by-products and meals might contain lower-quality protein and potentially harmful substances, depending on the rendering process and source materials.


  • Hydration: A dry food diet is….dry. Imagine us eating Weetabix all day every day with no milk on it? This food is ultra processed, so unfortunately is very hot energetically, which can lead to itching and in turn, unhappy dogs. See our blog on energetics for more on this. Raw pet food is actually approximately 60-70% moisture though. Moisture is much different to water, it is packed with nutrients and being in its most natural form within food it is able to be highly digestible and bioavailable for dogs, meaning they can actually absorb and utilise the nutrients in this moisture.


  • Vitamins & Minerals: These are another essential component, minimally processed food contains natural vitamins and minerals that are therefore more bioavailable so dogs can absorb and utilise them. Unfortunately cooking does destroy minerals and vitamins so cooked foods tend to have additives which are artificial nutrients, which are less bioavailable, so less able to be utilised by dogs. 


  • Fats: Next up of course is omega’s. Fats are essential for dogs, providing energy, supporting cell function, and aiding in nutrient absorption. Key types include omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-6 fats promote inflammation necessary for immune response, while omega-3 fats, found in oily fish & green-lipped mussels, counteract excessive inflammation, supporting cardiovascular and joint health. Balancing these fats is crucial; a diet high in omega-6 but low in omega-3 can lead to chronic inflammation and health issues. Opt for natural, whole food sources to ensure optimal fat quality and ratio​ (Dogs Naturally)​.


  • Serotonin: Serotonin significantly affects canine behaviour by regulating mood, anxiety, and overall well-being. Remarkably, about 90% of serotonin is produced in the gut. An unhealthy gut can disrupt serotonin production, leading to behavioural issues such as increased anxiety, depression, and aggression in dogs. Poor diet, infections, or imbalances in gut microbiota can impair gut health, thus affecting serotonin levels. Supporting a healthy gut through a balanced natural diet and probiotics is crucial for maintaining optimal serotonin production and promoting positive behaviour in dogs  .


  • Tryptophan: Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, plays a crucial role in serotonin production. It serves as a precursor, meaning the body converts it into serotonin. In dogs, adequate dietary intake of tryptophan is essential for maintaining healthy serotonin levels, which in turn supports stable mood and behaviour. An unhealthy gut can hinder the absorption and metabolism of tryptophan, thus affecting serotonin production. Ensuring a balanced natural diet rich in tryptophan, alongside maintaining gut health, is vital for optimal serotonin synthesis and behavioural well-being in dogs.


Nutrition though is only one part of a multimodal approach, and understanding all potential impacts on behaviour is vital, after all if the behaviour is due to pain, a focus on nutrition may of course help to manage this, but medical intervention may also be required. Raw is great and can help in many ways to benefit a dog but it is not a guaranteed fix as numerous other factors can also influence behaviour.


Medical Conditions

  • Pain: Medical conditions can also impact behaviour. Pain, discomfort, or underlying medical conditions (such as thyroid imbalances or neurological disorders) may cause changes in a dog’s demeanour. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to rule out or address health-related behavioural problems. Pain has been proven to be the cause of over 80% of behavioural issues, so if you face an issue we recommend:

  • A online gait analysis such as those offered by Yorkshire Pooches Therapies, this can help to identify any particular areas that a vet can then assess fully that may not be visible to the untrained eye

  • A vet assessment upon receipt of your gait report

  • In the meantime, work with a fully trained behaviourist to help with a modification plan and preventative measures where required that may also involve a pain medication trial via your vet.


  • Weigh in on health: Weight management is absolutely crucial for dogs. The PDSA Paw Report 2023 found 44% of pet guardians surveyed did not know their dogs ideal weight, and 80% believed their dogs were an ideal weight. Whereas vets reported roughly 46% of all dogs seen in clinics were overweight or obese. Pet parents were found to believe treats are an essential part of the daily diet (40%) with 46% giving treats as it “makes them happy”.

  • Unfortunately, the western world perceives overweight dogs as a sign of a well-fed dog, therefore a healthy dog. In fact, the western world is sadly in a pet obesity pandemic. This means for many of the UK’s dogs a life of carrying extra weight which of course in turn leads to increased numbers of dogs experiencing pain and illness as a result.

  • At RFFDMSUK we have a great blog to help pet guardians to take simple measures to improve their pets body condition score, which is a great measure of weight as of course breed weight averages can vary so widely. Should you find your dog is needing to lose some weight, check out the blog here


Environment

Environment plays a significant role in shaping a dog's behaviour. A stimulating environment with appropriate physical and mental activities can prevent boredom and destructive behaviours. Conversely, a stressful or chaotic environment can lead to anxiety and aggression.

  • Physical Environment: Adequate space, a comfortable sleeping area, and safe outdoor access are important. 

  • Emotional Environment: Stability, routine, and positive interactions with family members contribute to a dog’s emotional well-being.

  • Enrichment: Dogs, just like all animals you see in a zoo, require some form of enrichment in their day to day lives. This can take the form of sniffing walks allowing your dog to determine the pace and route you take, or using puzzle feeders, find it / scent games, or even the most natural form through food such as wholeprey feeding or raw meaty bones. Check out our blog for more information on ways to add enrichment to your dogs daily life


Exercise 

Exercise is crucial for a dog’s physical and mental health. Regular physical activity helps to expend energy, reduce stress, and prevent behavioural issues like chewing or excessive barking. Different breeds have varying exercise needs, so it’s essential to tailor activities to your dog’s requirements both mentally and physically and being cautious of over-exercising.

Should you have a puppy, it's vital you don’t overdo the exercise. Work with your vet around this who can advise you regarding the appropriate amounts of walks vs play

Should you have a dog who requires exercise restriction for any reason, look at ways to manage their weight such as slight reduction, very important not to go too low, of food, removal of any sugar filled additions like natural yoghurt or root vegetables (even though these are natural sugars they are still sugars that will cause weight gain), and use enrichment options for feeding to help give your resting pooch some enjoyment still. Discuss with your GP Vet whether referrals for hydrotherapy, physiotherapy, chiropractor, massage therapy or other therapies will be of benefit. We all know about rehab following an injury however did you know that prehabilitation can improve outcomes post surgery when implemented prior to surgical intervention?


Social Interactions

Social interactions with other dogs and humans can influence a dog’s behaviour. Positive interactions can enhance social skills and confidence. However, negative experiences, such as being attacked by another dog or mistreated by a human, can lead to fear-based aggression or anxiety.

Many vet practices have details available of well structured puppy parties, with them commonly run by vet nurses or behaviourists. When carried on in a small controlled group, there is evidence they can successfully help to socialise puppies without overwhelming them.

Of course, socialisation is not just to be done with other puppies, but different sights, sounds, weather, surfaces - the more varied the better as long as it is done in a safe manner with puppies wellbeing at the heart.


Age

Age affects behaviour, with puppies displaying more playful and energetic behaviours, while senior dogs may become more reserved or irritable due to age-related health issues like arthritis or cognitive decline. 

If your dog's behaviour is not as you expected or differing to their normal, don’t delay seeking a vet check as soon as possible as there can be a range of things affecting it that need a medical professional's expert eye.

Be aware of your dog's normal too during seasonal changes as there are often subtle changes that occur such as an arthritic dog moving less in winter.


Owner’s Behavior and Lifestyle

The owner’s behaviour and lifestyle greatly influence a dog’s behaviour. Calm, consistent, and positive interactions from the owner foster a sense of security and trust in the dog. In contrast, erratic or negative behaviour from the owner can cause anxiety and behavioural issues in the pet.

Ensure your dog has a safe space that they can escape to for quiet time, even when the house is full of activity, giving your dog the choice to escape to enjoy some peace is vital to avoid them becoming overstimulated

Should you find behaviour is sporadic, keep a diary of when it's occurring and what is happening. We often hear of dogs with no known issues becoming destructive when home alone, but not all the time. A diary can help to understand if its linked to things such as fireworks or doorbells sounding

Always seek support from a professional should your dog demonstrate any unwanted behaviours


Of course, the history of your dog is not always known if they were rescued. This is where it can become difficult but the professionals can help to uncover the best ways to help your dog mentally and physically, no matter what their history.


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