What is Acid Reflux
Definition: Acid reflux in dogs occurs when intestinal or gastric fluid rises from the stomach and enters the oesophagus, the tube leading to the mouth.
Sphincter Function: The sphincter, located at the connection between the oesophagus and stomach, normally remains closed to prevent acid flow. However, in acid reflux or GERD, the sphincter is open, allowing acid to flow into the oesophagus.
Consequences of Acid Flow: The caustic nature of acid can lead to inflammation, irritation, and damage to the oesophagus and its lining.
Prevalence in Brachycephalic Breeds: Acid reflux is more common in brachycephalic breeds, such as pugs and French bulldogs due to a shorter oesophagus, making them more susceptible to this condition.
Signs / Symptoms:
Oral Symptoms
Licking lips or licking the air
Bad breath originating from the stomach, not just dental issues
Grinding teeth or snapping jaw
Swallowing Difficulties
Empty swallowing
Painful swallowing (may include crying or whining; reluctance to eat)
Decreased or increased appetite
Gastrointestinal Distress
Vomiting bile
Retching, burping, or gagging
Eating dirt, grass, or inanimate objects
Oesophageal ulceration – throwing up blood (hematemesis) from irritation
Respiratory and Voice Changes
Coughing, laryngitis, wheezing
Change of voice
Aspiration pneumonia caused by inhaling acid due to weakened muscle contractions
Behavioural Signs
Restless, pacing, inability to get comfortable
Hunched-up back indicating discomfort and tightness
Reluctance to move, lethargy
General Health Impact
Weight loss
Lab results indicating changes in health
Common Causes of Acid Reflux:
Dietary Factors
Consumption of highly processed foods
Insufficient nutrients in the diet
Sensitivity to certain foods
Medical Treatments
Use of antibiotics impacting the microbiome
Reduced stomach acid production due to antacids and nutrient deficiencies
Gastrointestinal Issues
Imbalance in the microbiome (SIBO, yeast, bacterial overgrowth, parasites)
Inflammation of the digestive tract leading to weakened immunity and a leaky gut
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly if the the upper digestive tract is affected by the IBD
Mechanical and Structural Factors
Presence of foreign objects
Myasthenia gravis/megaoesophagus, an autoimmune disease affecting nerve function
Impaired nerve function affecting sphincters (both upper and lower)
Hiatal hernia
Trauma (swallowed or external object perforating the throat)
Metabolic and Weight-Related Causes
Being overweight or obese
Sluggish or inappropriate peristalsis (delayed stomach contractions and emptying)
Excessive stomach acid production (due to stress, hernia, spicy foods)
Chronic vomiting possibly linked to pancreatitis, kidney, and liver issues
Psychological and Environmental Factors
Stress inducing microbiome imbalance, increasing the likelihood of infection and inflammation
Anaesthesia slowing down bodily processes; advisable to wait for recovery before feeding
Age-Related and Developmental Factors
In younger dogs, oesophageal sphincters may not be fully developed; improvement typically occurs with age
⚠️ If you have a brachycephalic breed that has not yet been BOAS tested but is experiencing acid reflux symptoms, please consult with your vet to determine if BOAS treatment is required.
⚠️ If your dog is experiencing the symptoms of acid reflux they may benefit from a microbiome test such as those offered by Pet Biome
Other things that “may” help - please remember all dogs are individuals so trial and error may be needed to find what works for your individual dog:
Transition to raw if you haven’t yet. (You should avoid all ultra processed foods and treats, as well as foods that contain starches such as root vegetables)
Probiotics to restore and rebalance your dog’s microbiome. They’ll support the beneficial bacteria in his gut to fight harmful bacteria. Some good options are Adored Beasts Love Bugs or Four Leaf Rover Soil Based Protect or Dorwest Herbs Tree Barks. These can be given as per the individual product directions but should be one product only not all
Digestive enzymes to support the pancreas and assist the digestion of food. At present in the UK sourcing digestive enzymes as a supplement can be difficult so instead you could add small portions of pancreas (no set amount but start small as too much may lead to loose stools)
Feed smaller, more frequent meals. Such as the daily feeding amount spread over 5-6 meals
Feed a late night snack to avoid an empty stomach over night
To help improve digestion and gastrointestinal activity, due to its very high concentration and bioavailability of humic acid and minerals, use a good quality moor mud such as Aniforte
Keep a food diary to see if any common causes appear
Homemade Ginger tea or any supermarket of homemade chamomile tea can also be soothing. Simmer slices of ginger in water for 30 minutes, cool and give to your dog or spoon over his food. Store leftovers in the fridge for up to a week.
Consider using lick mats, kongs & sodapups toys to slow down eating wherever possible
⚠️ As mentioned earlier in this guide, if your dog is a brachycephalic breed please consult a vet regarding potential BOAS.
⚠️ Always advocate for your dog by seeking vet support if required.